Exploratory Note CHPM No. 1:
This dynamic culminated in May 2025 with a high-intensity aerial confrontation, marked by the use of modern capabilities and deep strikes. While Pakistan achieved initial tactical successes, India managed to neutralise key elements of Pakistan's air defence and strike major bases, leading to a ceasefire. This episode highlights both contemporary operational lessons and the risks of escalation between nuclear powers, while also marking a significant evolution in India's counter-terrorism doctrine.
Review committee: Claude Meier, Arthur Lusenti, Joseph Henrotin
Translation and adaptation from French to English: Benedict Smith
Author: Adrien Fontanellaz
